The idea of installing a powerful engine in a post WWII mid-size car was introduced in 1957. The American Motors (AMC) Rebel showcased AMC?s new 327 in³ V8 255 hp with a 4 barrel carburetor (fuel injection was to be optional), thus making it the first American factory hot-rod hardtop sedan. The Rambler Rebel came with a manual or automatic transmission, and dual exhaust. The Rebel was promoted as the fastest four-door car in America from 0-60 mph and ran the quarter mile in 17.0 seconds. It was one of the quickest production automobiles at that time.

The popularity of the muscle car grew in the 1960s. Among these was the Pontiac Tempest. For 1964 and 1965, the GTO was an option package that included Pontiac's 389 in³ (6.5 L) V8 engine, floor-shifted transmission with Hurst shift linkage, and special trim. In 1966, the Pontiac GTO was no longer an option, and became its own model. The project, spearheaded by Pontiac division president John De Lorean, was technically a violation of General Motors policy limiting its smaller cars to 330 in³ (5.4 L) displacement, but it proved far more popular than expected, and inspired a host of imitations, both at GM and its competitors.

This marked a general trend towards factory performance, which reflected the importance of the youth market. A key appeal of the muscle cars was that they offered the burgeoning American car culture an array of relatively affordable vehicles with strong street performance that could also be used for racing. The affordability aspect was quickly compromised by increases in size, optional equipment, and plushness, forcing the addition of more and more powerful engines just to keep pace with performance. A backlash against this cost and weight growth led in 1967 and 1968 to a secondary trend of "budget muscle" in the form of the Plymouth Road Runner, Dodge Super Bee, and other stripped, lower-cost variants.

Although the sales of true muscle cars were relatively modest by total Detroit standards, they had considerable value in publicity and bragging rights, serving to bring young buyers into showrooms. Automakers saw these as halo models and some, such as the AMC Rebel Machine, were factory upgraded to be turn-key drag racers. The 1970 Machine even came with flamboyant and patriotic red, white, and blue reflective body graphics for maximum street and racetrack visibility. The fierce competition led to an escalation in power that peaked in 1970, with some models offering as much as 450 hp (and others likely producing as much actual power, whatever their rating).

The Dodge Charger, known for its appearance as the villan's vehicle in the movie BullittAnother related type of car is the car-based pickup. Examples of these are the Ford Ranchero, GMC Sprint, GMC Caballero, and one of the most famous examples, the Chevrolet El Camino.

Victorian Charm in Galway, Ireland - Great Southern Hotel
Kriss Hammond
2788 Victorian Charm in Galway, Ireland - The Great Southern Hotel
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Mass tourism began in the Victorian age (the Industrial Age) when Thomas Cook packaged rail tickets along with guest house stays fpr Londoners who traveled to breath the clean air in the Scottish Highlands. There were few luxurious hotels or resorts at the end of the rail lines or scenic stopovers. Thomas Cook, still in operation today, and a leading travel supplier, made a fortune. It was the era of adventure and discovery, and the railroad companies took notice of Cook's success by building huge limestone and granite monumental hotels along their rail routes.

One such hotel was the regal Railway Hotel built in Galway, Ireland, opening its doors in 1852. Queen Victoria of England had been in power for about 15 years and travel was in full swing. Ireland at the time was part of the British Empire and the hotel, today called the Great Southern Hotel, still stands, beckoning adventurers through its revolving doorway.

The hotel was completed at a cost of £30,000 for the Midland and Great Western Railway Company. The architect, John Skipton Mulvany, also designed the Galway railway station. Just over the entrance on the façade of the hotel is Mulvany's favorite motif, the wreaths. The hotel is built of limestone ashlar, just like many of the ancient Celtic castles in the region, and there is a cornice over the heavily rusticated ground floor. The ground floor also has recessed architrave windows and a heavy string-course, making the morning breakfast light natural in the Oyster Room Restaurant. Prepare to be spoiled on a grand scale, enjoy the good things in life in the Oyster Room Restaurant, and sample the delights of afternoon tea to the sound of the resident pianist.
The original facade was topped by a shelf-like Doric cornice. Among the surviving internal features in the present majestic hotel is a beautiful marble fireplace incorporating a pair of bronze discs, emblazoned with the Midland and Great Western Railway coat of arms, and it is dated to 1845, about the same time Thomas Cook began his tours in England.

While waiting for my new found Irish friends, the fireplace was the most popular spot on cool autumn evenings, and with the Oyster Room Restaurant and Bar not far off, it often means sitting warmly with a stiff drink in hand to ember the interior regions as well.

It must have been a magnificent era for those that traveled to Galway a hundred and fifty years ago. The Galway Subscription Ball was held in 1855 by Lady Clanmorris and Lady Redington, a notable early historical event when the Galway Militia paraded in Eyre Square, a square block of city park green, but not so green when I visited. It was all torn up for a complete renovation, but due for quick completion. President John F. Kennedy,of Irish descent, spoke in the Square in 1963, and the park within the Square is now called Kennedy Park. I stopped to talk to archaeologists who were digging in an ancient Irish housing unit, complete with bars, on the top end of the park. The most evident relics they found were whiskey bottles and beer casks.

The local Galway residents got a real shocker one day in July 1857, when Prince Louis Napoleon of France sailed up Galway Bay on his steam yacht La Reine Hortense, and had lunch at the hotel. The bureaucrats in Dublin and England were fearful of yet more French Imperial expansionism, but I think Louie was here just for the superb lunch and high tea that are still served!

At the end of World War I, in 1918, the hotel was requisitioned by the British Army and then later handed over to the Irish National Army after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, the year of Ireland 's independence. But during the Irish Civil War of the same year, the Renmore Military Barracks was taken over by the Republican forces and set ablaze, along with the Officers Mess and accommodations blocks. So they occupied the hotel, but later the Republicans retreated and the hotel fell into the hands of the Free State troops. Sandbags were erected on the front entrance and troops guarded the hotel until calm prevailed.

The Victorian age ended with the death of Queen Victoria in 1903 (still the longest reining British Queen at 66 years), the hotel was still vibrant as ever, now ushering in the new era of air travel. In 1919, Galway got its first glimpse of this new mode of transport when the first non-stop trans-Atlantic flight landed at Derrygimla Bog near Clifden. The pilots, Captain John Alcock, DSC, and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown, were greeted as heroes and driven around town in a Marconi motorcar and then entertained at the Railway Hotel. Both men stayed at the hotel and the festivities lasted into the next day. Despite heavy rains thousands of citizens waited for hours outside the hotel to see the two pilots. More parties ensued with invited guests at a hotel reception.

The hotel was renamed the Great Southern Hotel in 1925 with the merger of various railway companies in southern Ireland, now called the Great Southern Railway Company. Then in 1933, another famous pilot and his wife arrived after landing a seaplane near Mutton Island. Charles and Annie Lindbergh visited Galway as part of a Pan Am aerial survey. During my two day sojourn at the beautiful hotel, I didn't realize the celebrity status of the charming edifice. That's what so great about staying in historical hotels.

During the Second World War years people didn't travel as much as before. Rationing of butter, tea, and sugar was enforced, even at the hotel. But after the war, in 1946, the pent-up demand for discovery saw the hotel over run with tourists, and often times people even slept in the lobby. While soaking in the Canadian hot tub on the fifth and top floor in the hotel's Square Spa & Health Club, I had a bird's eye sunset view of Galway Bay and the dockyards that still flourish with arrriving and departing passengers at the rail station and tour buses grinding out of the bus station to take present day adventurers on their voyage of discovery.

After the railways came under public ownership in 1945, the hotel was owned by CIE. In 1952 the General Manager, Brian Collins, began the Galway International Oyster Festival that is still a regional legacy.

Other celebrities that have rested their bones at the hotel include: Queen Salote of the Tonga Islands; British Paratroopers, Sergeant Chay Blythe and Captain John Ridgeway, who arrived as the first to row across the Atlantic Ocean. Presidents that have stayed at the hotel or at least lunched there include: Sean T. O'Kelly, Eamon de Valera, Erskine Childers, Patrick Hillery, Cearbhall O'Dalaigh, Mary Robinson, and Charles De Gaulle. Lord Oranmore and Browne took over the 5th floor for two weeks during the shooting season for many years, with members of the peerage including Lord Longford and Lord Killanin. Now that blood sports such as fox hunting are banned in England, more sports shooters are seen at the hotel.

Actors who have stayed at the hotel include: Siobhan McKenna, Ray McNally, Rex Harrison, David Hemmings, Bing Crosby and his wife, Cathy, Michael Mac Liammoir, Hilton Edwards, John Ford, and David Lean. Lunch visitors have included: Richard Harris, Fred Astair, Jack Nicholson, Anjelica Huston, John Huston, Paul Newman (who starred in the Mackintosh Man nearby Burren region), John Wayne, and Maureen O'Hara (both starring in The Quiet Man). Yes. I was in fine company while dining a la carte in the Oyster Room Restaurant. O'Flaherty's Bar in the basement of the hotel is named after the writer, Liam O'Flaherty, who often stayed at the hotel while pounding out the screed in the 1940s. So as a Scottish writer myself, I had to toast my Irish counterpart. Well, maybe more than one toast!

Although the hotel bedrooms on the lower floors are not overly large, they are appointed with modern amenities, including modern baths, internet email access, personal fax service, TVs, and lovely and comfortable beds. Some of these bedrooms are more traditional. The fifth floor is only elevator accessed with your room key, and offers the plushest rooms in the house. The hotel underwent a renovation of €8 million in 2003, so you are assured a very high standard. During the renovation, many of the Victorian features were enhanced and restored.

The hotel is still in the heart of Galway, with Eyre Park on one side and Galway Bay on the other. Just a short stroll away is the wonderful streets filled with bargain shopping that ends at the River Corrib.

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By Kriss Hammond, Editor, Jetsetters Magazine at www.jetsettersmagazine.com

About the Author

Kriss Hammond, Editor, Jetsetters Magazine. Join the Travel Writers Network in the logo at www.jetsettersmagazine.com

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